Summer Safety Tips

By Vincent Iannelli, M.D.

Dehydration

August is our hottest month, so dehydration is a concern for everyone, especially older adults. Water is the nutrient most needed for life because it acts as a solvent, coolant and lubricant. It also is a transport agent and it regulates body temperature, carries nutrients, and removes toxins. Fluid balance is vital for body functions and adequate blood volume. A significant decrease in the total amount of body fluid leads to dehydration. Signs and symptoms of dehydration are confusion, poor skin elasticity, dry mouth, a decrease in blood pressure, constipation, and weight loss. Use proactive approaches to prevent dehydration, such as drinking lots of water and/or fluids without caffeine. 

Avoiding Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion

Air conditioning is the number one protective factor against heat illness. If you don't have air conditioning, spend time in public facilities, such as libraries and malls that have air conditioning. Reduce strenuous activities or do them during early mornings and evenings when it's cooler. If you're outside for long stretches of time, carry a water bottle, drink fluids regularly, and don't push your limits. People who play sports should wear light, loose-fitting clothes and drink water or sports drinks before, during, and after activity. If you see someone experiencing heat illness, have the person lie down in a cool place and elevate the legs. Use water, wet towels, and fans to help cool the person down until emergency help comes.

During heat illness, the body's cooling system shuts down. Body temperature goes up, which inhibits the ability to sweat. Mild symptoms of heat exhaustion include thirst, fatigue, and cramps in the legs or abdomen. Left untreated, heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke. Serious heat-related symptoms include dizziness, headaches, nausea, rapid heartbeat, vomiting, decreased alertness, and a temperature as high as 105^o or more. In severe cases, the liver, kidneys, and brain may be damaged. The risk of heat illness goes up when exerting oneself, playing sports, and with certain health conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. Alcohol use also increases the risk. So do medications that slow sweat production, such as antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, and diuretics.